Toyota Production System vs. Ford method
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Henry Ford's goals:
	- make a car that everyone can own
	- to do this, cost must be relentlessly driven down
	- employee turnover was very high, so training had
	  to be minimal => assembly line
	- machines were expensive, so must be kept busy
	- control over all aspects of raw materials and production
	  allowed costs to be controlled
		- owned coal mines, railroads, steel mills
	- first Model T's cost $825 in 1908, down to $360 by 1916 ($7020 in 2008 dollars)
	- cost reduction depended on making exactly one model of car,
	  almost no options.
	- when consumers starting wanting variety, Model T's fell out of
	  fashion.

Toyota's goals:
	- after WW2, materials and capital were both scarce in Japan
		- Toyota couldn't buy material for large batches of cars
		- To make small batches of cars, they had to develop
		  methods to make them efficiently, one at a time
		- this lead eventually to these principles:
		  eliminate waste:
			- overproduction
			- delay
			- transport
			- processing
			- inventory
			- wasted motions
			- defective parts

		  processes: improve product design for mfg efficiency
		  inspection: use inspection to eliminate defects
		  transport: reduce it by plant layout improvements
		  delay: reduce stock and inventories, equalize and
		  synchronize inventory: order-based production, 
		  single-piece flow
		- extend system to part suppliers

21st Century approach:
	- major disasters and accidents have revealed the danger in a
	  completely stockless supply chain, with a small list of suppliers.
	  (Thai floods, Japan earthquake & tsunami, Austrian plant fire)
	- Solution is to maintain redundant suppliers in widely separated
	  regions, drawing parts from each at similar rates.  Buffer stocks
	  have also been increased slightly.